Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including fruits, flowers, and herbs. They are responsible for the distinctive scents of lavender, citrus, and pine – and in medical cannabis, they help define the unique aroma and flavour of each strain. Beyond their sensory appeal, terpenes offer a range of potential therapeutic benefits, making them a fascinating and valuable part of nature’s chemistry.
When combined with cannabinoids like THC and CBD, terpenes may work together in what’s known as the entourage effect, enhancing or modifying the overall impact of cannabis.
We have put together a guide which dives deeper into these remarkable compounds, exploring their benefits and their role in medical cannabis (Unlicensed CBPMs).
How Terpenes Work in Cannabis
Terpenes are produced in the trichomes of the cannabis plant, alongside cannabinoids. While cannabinoids primarily interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), terpenes contribute to the overall effects by influencing how cannabinoids interact with ECS receptors.
Terpenes are not unique to the cannabis plant. They are widespread in nature, playing a role in plant survival by attracting pollinators and repelling pests. Their versatility has also made them valuable in industries such as aromatherapy, medicine, and perfumery.
A Guide to Common Terpenes and Their Benefits
1. Myrcene
- Aroma: Earthy, musky, herbal.
- Effects: Relaxing, sedative.
- Therapeutic Properties: May help with pain, inflammation, and muscle spasms.
- Also Found In: Hops, bay leaves, eucalyptus.
2. Limonene
- Aroma: Citrus, lemon, orange.
- Effects: Uplifting, stress-relieving.
- Therapeutic Properties: Potential to reduce anxiety and alleviate nausea.
- Also Found In: Citrus peels.
3. Linalool
- Aroma: Floral, lavender.
- Effects: Calming, anti-anxiety.
- Therapeutic Properties: May assist with sleep and reduce chronic pain.
- Also Found In: Lavender, birch trees.
4. Caryophyllene
- Aroma: Spicy, peppery.
- Effects: Anti-inflammatory, mood-stabilizing.
- Therapeutic Properties: Potential for pain and anxiety relief.
- Also Found In: Black pepper, cinnamon.
5. Pinene
- Aroma: Pine, rosemary.
- Effects: Improves focus and memory.
- Therapeutic Properties: May ease respiratory issues and reduce inflammation.
- Also Found In: Pine needles, basil.
6. Humulene
- Aroma: Woody, earthy, hoppy.
- Effects: Appetite suppressant.
- Therapeutic Properties: May assist with pain management and fight infections.
- Also Found In: Hops, basil.
7. Terpinolene
- Aroma: Woody, piney, floral.
- Effects: Uplifting, energising.
- Therapeutic Properties: May counteract sedative effects and offer antimicrobial properties.
- Also Found In: Apples, conifers, cumin.
8. Ocimene
- Aroma: Sweet, citrusy, tropical.
- Effects: Anti-inflammatory, antifungal.
- Therapeutic Properties: Useful for pain relief and wound healing.
- Also Found In: Mint, parsley, mango.
9. Eucalyptol
- Aroma: Minty, cool, camphorous.
- Effects: Energizing, supports respiratory function.
- Therapeutic Properties: May benefit asthma, bronchitis, and coughs.
- Also Found In: Eucalyptus, tea tree oil.
10. Bisabolol
- Aroma: Floral, chamomile.
- Effects: Anti-irritant, antioxidant.
- Therapeutic Properties: Potential benefits for skin conditions and ulcers.
- Also Found In: Chamomile, tea tree oil.
11. Geraniol
- Aroma: Rose, floral, citrus.
- Effects: Neuroprotective, antioxidant.
- Therapeutic Properties: May support anxiety and reduce neuroinflammation.
- Also Found In: Roses, geraniums.
12. Camphene
- Aroma: Piney, damp wood.
- Effects: Antimicrobial, gastroprotective.
- Therapeutic Properties: May assist with infections and digestive issues.
- Also Found In: Ginger, camphor trees.
13. Nerolidol
- Aroma: Woody, floral.
- Effects: Relaxing, sedative.
- Therapeutic Properties: May offer anti-anxiety and antifungal benefits.
- Also Found In: Jasmine, lemongrass.
14. Valencene
- Aroma: Sweet, citrusy, woody.
- Effects: Energising.
- Therapeutic Properties: Potential for anti-inflammatory and skin-protective effects.
- Also Found In: Valencia oranges.
The Entourage Effect
The entourage effect describes how terpenes and cannabinoids work together to influence the overall effects of medical cannabis. For example:
- Myrcene may amplify THC’s calming effects, making it useful for relaxation.
- Pinene may counteract memory issues sometimes associated with THC.
- Limonene may enhance CBD’s mood-lifting properties, reducing feelings of anxiety.
Why Terpenes Matter in Medical Flower
Terpenes are more than just pleasant aromas; they are active contributors to the therapeutic benefits of cannabis. Understanding the role of terpenes can help patients and practitioners select the right medical flower to meet specific needs, whether it’s pain relief, improved focus, or relaxation. It’s important for prescribers to understand the importance of terpenes in enhancing the therapeutic potential of Unlicensed Cannabis-Based Products for Medicinal Use (CBPMs).